# Ethereum execution clients — snapshot 2026-10-27

| Client | Newest stable release | License (SPDX) | Main implementation language | Maintainer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Geth (go-ethereum) | [`v1.17.10` release page](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.17.10), 2026-10-23 ([publication record](https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/latest)) | Client executable: [`GPL-3.0-or-later`](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.10/cmd/geth/main.go#L1-L14); library: [`LGPL-3.0-or-later`](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.10/interfaces.go#L1-L14) | [Go](https://geth.ethereum.org/) | [Geth team, funded exclusively by the Ethereum Foundation](https://geth.ethereum.org/) |
| Nethermind | [`2.2.2` release page](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/releases/tag/2.2.2), 2026-10-26 ([publication record](https://api.github.com/repos/NethermindEth/nethermind/releases/latest)) | [`LGPL-3.0-only`](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/master/src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Runner/Program.cs) | [C# / .NET](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/master/README.md) | [Nethermind](https://github.com/NethermindEth) |
| Besu | [`26.10.2` release page](https://github.com/besu-eth/besu/releases/tag/26.10.2), 2026-10-26 ([publication record](https://api.github.com/repos/besu-eth/besu/releases/latest)) | [`Apache-2.0`](https://api.github.com/repos/besu-eth/besu) | [Java](https://github.com/besu-eth/besu/blob/main/README.md) | [Besu maintainers group](https://github.com/besu-eth/besu/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md) |
| Erigon | [`v3.8.1` release page](https://github.com/erigontech/erigon/releases/tag/v3.8.1), 2026-10-23 ([publication record](https://api.github.com/repos/erigontech/erigon/releases/latest)) | [`LGPL-3.0`](https://api.github.com/repos/erigontech/erigon) | [Go](https://api.github.com/repos/erigontech/erigon/languages) | [Erigon Technologies AG](https://erigon.tech/about/) |
| Reth | [`v2.8.1` release page](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/releases/tag/v2.8.1), 2026-10-23 ([publication record](https://api.github.com/repos/paradigmxyz/reth/releases/latest)) | [`MIT OR Apache-2.0`](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/v2.8.1/Cargo.toml) | [Rust](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth) | [Paradigm](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/v2.8.1/README.md) |

## Release highlights

- **Geth v1.17.10:** postpones Amsterdam on Hoodi, changes snap sync to use snap/2 after Amsterdam activates, and optimizes DUP/SWAP interpreter dispatch. [Release notes](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.17.10)
- **Nethermind 2.2.2:** ships October 2026 out-of-band .NET security updates without Nethermind code, database, configuration, consensus, or fork-schedule changes; updates Docker images and binaries to .NET runtime 10.0.14; and updates related .NET packages to 10.0.14. [Release notes](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/releases/tag/2.2.2)
- **Besu 26.10.2:** removes eMudhra root-CAs from Docker-image trust stores, limits `eth_getProof` to 1,024 storage keys, and fixes saturation of Osaka MODEXP gas cost for very large declared lengths. [Release notes](https://github.com/besu-eth/besu/releases/tag/26.10.2)
- **Erigon v3.8.1:** postpones Glamsterdam-on-Hoodi and the planned 200-million gas-limit increase, fixes Caplin state-copy/reorganization/cache issues, and improves Caplin validator-vote handling. [Release notes](https://github.com/erigontech/erigon/releases/tag/v3.8.1)
- **Reth v2.8.1:** removes Amsterdam from Hoodi’s schedule; operators running Hoodi need the update before the activation previously scheduled by v2.8.0; and the release makes no database changes. [Release notes](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/releases/tag/v2.8.1)

## What stands out

- This is a tightly clustered release snapshot: Geth, Erigon, and Reth published their selected stable releases on 2026-10-23, while Nethermind and Besu published theirs on 2026-10-26. [Geth](https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/latest) [Erigon](https://api.github.com/repos/erigontech/erigon/releases/latest) [Reth](https://api.github.com/repos/paradigmxyz/reth/releases/latest) [Nethermind](https://api.github.com/repos/NethermindEth/nethermind/releases/latest) [Besu](https://api.github.com/repos/besu-eth/besu/releases/latest)
- The implementations span four languages: Go (Geth and Erigon), C#/.NET (Nethermind), Java (Besu), and Rust (Reth). [Geth](https://geth.ethereum.org/) [Erigon](https://api.github.com/repos/erigontech/erigon/languages) [Nethermind](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/master/README.md) [Besu](https://github.com/besu-eth/besu/blob/main/README.md) [Reth](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth)
- Licensing is not uniform: Besu is Apache-2.0, Reth is dual MIT/Apache-2.0, and the others report GPL-family terms. Geth deliberately distinguishes executable and library scope. [Besu](https://api.github.com/repos/besu-eth/besu) [Reth](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/v2.8.1/Cargo.toml) [Geth executable](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.10/cmd/geth/main.go#L1-L14) [Geth library](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/v1.17.10/interfaces.go#L1-L14) [Nethermind](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/master/src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Runner/Program.cs) [Erigon](https://api.github.com/repos/erigontech/erigon)
- Nethermind’s own README and file SPDX header support LGPL-3.0-only, but GitHub’s repository metadata labels the repository GPL-3.0; the table follows the project README and per-file SPDX evidence. [README](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/master/README.md#license) [SPDX header](https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/master/src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Runner/Program.cs) [repository metadata](https://api.github.com/repos/NethermindEth/nethermind)
- Several releases respond to the same Hoodi scheduling change: Geth, Erigon, and Reth each removed or postponed the planned Amsterdam/Glamsterdam activation there. [Geth](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.17.10) [Erigon](https://github.com/erigontech/erigon/releases/tag/v3.8.1) [Reth](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/releases/tag/v2.8.1)

## Missing item results

None. The supplied results for Geth, Nethermind, Besu, Erigon, and Reth each contained the release, license, language, maintainer, and release-note findings summarized above.